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re-(red-)[L]=back; again; against
拉丁前缀re-的前身是拉丁文中一个不能独立使用的品词。它的基本意思是back,由此又引申出again, against等意思。大约13世纪起,re-出现在通过古法语进入英语的大量拉丁借词中。原生词缀re-有一个异体red-,它只与以元音字母或h开头的拉丁词根相结合。自17世纪起,re-成为英语中的一个活性派生前缀,其意思主要为again。它几乎可以与任何英语动词相缀合。应注意,原生前缀re-轻读/r?/,派生前缀re-重读/'ri/;此外,re-充当派生词缀用时,有时需带连字符。
先介绍原生词缀re-与词根结合的各种情况。
rebel [re-=against反对;bel=to wage war开战?“to wage war against与…作战”→]v. fight or resist against law or authority造反;反抗 / The harassed soldiers decided to rebel. 饱受折磨的士兵决定造反。
?rebellion n. 造反;叛乱
rebellious a. 造反的;反抗的,反叛的
recede [re-=backward回;ced=to go走;-e→]v. go or move backward退去;撤回 / Houses and trees seem to recede as you ride past in a car. 当你坐车前进时,房屋和树木似乎都在向后退去。
?recession n. 后退,退回;撤回
recessive a. 后退的;退回的;退缩的;逆行的
reduce [re-=back后;duc=to lead引;-e?“to lead back引导向后退”→]v. ①bring to a lower condition使降级 / The officer was reduced in the ranks. 那军官被降级。②make less or smaller; decrease减少;缩小;降低 / She is trying to reduce her weight. 她正设法减肥。
?reduction n. 减少;减小;缩减;降级
reflect [re-=back回;flect=to bend弯曲?“to bend back弯曲后又反弹回来”→]v. turn or throw back (light, heat, sound, etc.)反射(光、热、声等) / The sidewalks reflect heat on a hot day. 大热天人行道会把热量反射过来。
?reflection n. 反射;反照;反映
reflective a. 反射的;反映的
regress [re-=back回;gress=to go走→]v. go back; move backward退回;倒退 / They indicate an area of sedimentation, as when a sea regresses from the land. 他们指出一片沉积地带,那是海水从陆地上退走后现出来的。
?regression n. 回归,复归;倒退;退步
regressive a. 回归的;倒退的;退步的
rehabilitate [re-=again重新;habilit=to hold掌握;-ate v. ?“to hold again重新掌握”→]v. restore (a person)to a former position恢复(某人的)地位 / He completely rehabilitated himself and again became a respected citizen. 他完全恢复了名誉,又成为受人尊敬的公民。
?rehabilitation n. 恢复
reject [re-=back回;ject=to throw抛→]v. ①throw back or send away抛弃;丢掉 / First we should reject those weak seedlings. 我们得先把弱苗剔除掉。②refuse to accept拒收,抵制 / He tried to join the army but was rejected because of poor health. 他想参军,但因身体差被拒绝了。
?rejection n. 拒绝,抵制;抛弃;驳回
relieve [re-=back回;liev=to raise举高;-e?“to raise backward举高后往回,放下”→]v. reduce the trouble or pain of; make easier减轻;解除;宽慰 / Aspirin will usually relieve a headache. 阿司匹林一般能止头痛。
?relief n. 减轻;解除;宽慰
remit [re-=back回;mit=to send送?“to send money back送钱回去”→]v. send money to a person or place汇寄 / Enclosed is our bill, please remit by cheque. 兹附账单,请汇支票付款。
?remittance n. 汇款;汇款额
remitter n. 汇款人
remittee n. (汇票的)收票人
renovate [re-=again又;nov=new新的;-ate v. =to make使…→]v. make new again; make like new更新;修复 / He has cleaned and renovated his old house. 他已将旧房子整修一新。
?renovation n. 对老建筑物的整修翻新
renovator n. 革新者;修复者;刷新者
repel [re-=back回;pel=to drive驱赶→]v. drive back; force back击退;抵制 / They repelled the enemy. 他们击退了敌人。
?repellency n. 抵抗性;反击性;排斥性
repellent a. 击退的;排斥的;讨人厌的
reserve [re-=back回;serv=to keep保持;-e→]v. keep back; hold back for later use储备,保留 / You should reserve enough money for your tuition fee. 你要留足钱交学费。
?reservation n. 保留;预定
retract [re-=back回;tract=to draw抽→]v. draw back or in缩回,收回;缩进 / The plane has retracted its landing gears. 飞机已将起落架收进去。
?retraction n. (声明的)收回;缩回;收缩力
revert [re-=back回;vert=to turn转→]v. turn back; return使回转;回复 / After the teacher left, the class reverted to its messy state. 老师一走,班上又恢复到乱糟糟的状态
?reversion n. (习惯等)回复;反转;归还
下面是原生词缀re-的异体red-与词根结合的3个例子。
redeem [red-(re-)=back回;eem=to buy买→]v. buy back买回,赎回 / The property on which the money was lent was redeemed when the loan was paid back. 还清借款时,就可将抵押的财产赎回。
?redemption n. 买回,赎回;赎买
redemptive a. 赎回的;赎买的;赎救的
redintegrate [red-(re-)=again再;integr=whole全;-ate v. =to make使…→]v. make whole again; renew使恢复完整;使更新 / He has redintegrated his love with his wife. 他与妻子又相爱如初了。
?redintegration n. 恢复完整
redound [red-(re-)=back回;ound=to surge in waves浪涌?“to surge back打回头浪”→]v. come back as a result; recoil回报;报应 / The damage redounds upon his own head. 他害人反害己。
含有派生词缀re-的单词,词义往往一目了然。仅举3例:
reappear [re-=again再;appear v. 出现→]v. appear again再出现 / Several weeks later, the dog reappeared in the village. 几个星期后,那只狗又在村子里出现了。
reborn [re-=again再;born a. 出生的→]a. born again再生的 / The poet believed that his spirit would be reborn after his death. 那诗人相信,他死后精神还会再生。
reconstruct [re-=again重新;construct v. 建设→]v. construct again重建 / It took 20 years to reconstruct the city after the war. 该城市的战后重建花了20年时间。
?reconstruction n. 重建
练习 41
1.[词缀辨识]
下列单词哪些含有前缀re-?
① reach n. 到达
② real a. 真的;真正的
③ reckless a. 不注意的;粗心大意的
④ recoat v. (用油漆等)重新涂;再涂
⑤ rectify v. 纠正;整顿
2.[举一反三]
A 例:admit v. 接纳→readmit v. 重新接纳
① appoint v. 委任→reappoint v. _______
② consider v. 考虑→reconsider v. _______
③ unify v. 使统一→reunify v. _______
B 例:assume v. 假定→reassume v. 再假定
① charge v. 袭击→recharge v. _______
② examine v. 考试→reexamine v. _______
③ sell v. 卖→resell v. _______
C 例:pay v. 支付→repay v. 付还,偿还
① imburse v. 付款→reimburse v. _______
② place v. 把…放在(某处)→replace v. _______
③ fund v. 提供资金→refund v. _______
3.[望文生义]
① rearrange v. _______
② rebuild v. _______
③ redo v. _______
④ remarry v. _______
⑤ restudy v. _______
⑥ reeducate v. _______
4.[一字之差]
以下各对单词中,只有是否使用连字符(-)之差别,意思各异。无连字符的单词都是拉丁借词,re-是原生前缀,它的后面是原拉丁词干,这时,re-轻读为/r?/;有连字符的单词出现较晚,re-是派生前缀,它的后面是单词,这时re-都要重读为/'ri/。
① recover v. 重新获得;重新找到;恢复
re-cover v. 再盖;给…换新面子
② recreate v. 使得到休养;使得到消遣
re-create v. 再创造,再创作;重新创造
③ recollect v. 回忆,追忆;想起
re-collect v. 再集合;重新集合
④ reclaim v. 开垦,开拓;回收;改造
re-claim v. 要求收回,要求恢复
⑤ reform v. 改革;改造
re-form v. 重新组成;重新形成
⑥ release v. 释放;放松;赦免
re-lease v. 再出租;重新出租契约
⑦ resign v. 放弃;辞去
re-sign v. 再签署;再签字
⑧ resort v. 求助;诉诸
re-sort v. 把…再分类;使再分开
⑨ resound v. 回响;反响
re-sound v. 使再发声
⑩ retread v. 修补;翻新(旧轮胎)
re-tread v. 再踏上;再走上(路途等)
5.[同义相连]
A re-(=back)+词根→原生动词
① rebound [bound=to spring] ( )a. 击退;挫败
② recline [clin=to lean] ( )b. 重视;尊敬
③ relax [lax=to loose] ( )c. 弹回,跳回
④ repulse [puls=to strike] ( )d. 使松弛;放松
⑤ respect [spect=to look] ( )e. 使向后靠
B re-(=again)+词根(+后缀)→原生动词
① rejuvenate [juven=young] ( )a. 重新点燃
② relume [lum=to light up] ( )b. 治疗;补救
③ remedy [med=to heal] ( )c. 使有名望
④ renown [nown=to name] ( )d. 使返老还童
⑤ replenish [plen=to fill] ( )e. 再装满;补充添足
C re-(=against)+词根→原生动词
① react [act=to act] ( )a. 反抗,造反
② rebuke [buk=to strike] ( )b. 非难;指责
③ reluct [luct=to struggle] ( )c. 起反应;反攻
④ resist [sist=to stand] ( )d. 作斗争;不同意